ANOMALIES IN LANGUAGES WITH DIFFERENT SYSTEMS

Summary. In the article, the grammatical anomalies of languages with different systems are widely discussed. It is considered relevant for linguistics to shed light on many controversial issues for the investigation of existing grammatical anomalies. This study compares the morphological methods used to form separate categories in Azerbaijani and English languages. It investigates grammatical anomalies in these languages using a comparison method and provides extensive information about each language involved in the research. The study brought together materials from languages with different systems and conducted a comparative analysis of the exceptions and anomalies in their grammatical forms. It was determined that these observed grammatical anomalies and exceptions have a genetic or typological nature.

F ormulation of problem.The growing inter- est in foreign languages is closely linked to the intensive development of comparative studies.This interest stems from scientific and technical progress, as well as the need for information.The theoretical and practical significance of comparative studies involving the Azerbaijani language, as a state language, and foreign languages is demonstrated through the interaction and enrichment of languages with different structures and systems.
It is important for foreign language teachers and translators to be familiar with the comparative-typological study of unrelated languages.This helps ensure objectivity and precision in their work, as well as a clear and logical structure in their communication Analysis of recent research and publications.Anomalies in languages with different systems Rajabli A. [7]; Veysalli F.Y. [8]; Hajiyeva A. [4]; Nasirova R. [5]; D. Ross [15]; etc. researched in their works.
The purpose of the article.The primary objective of this work is to compare language materials from different systems and conduct a comparative analysis.The aim is to determine whether the observed grammatical anomalies and exceptions in non-related languages, such as Azerbaijani and English, have a genetic or typological nature.The analysis will identify similarities and differences in the theoretical material.
Presentation of the main research material.Comparing the facts of languages that are genetically and typologically distant reveals the existence of similar phenomena.This type of comparative study allows for a more comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the characteristics of each language and the phenomena that are common to most of them.In essence, the study of language comparison aims to describe the internal systems of the languages being compared.
It is important to note that when comparing two languages, it is referred to as a contrastive comparison.L. Dezso provides the following explanation for this term: The main distinction between general typology and contrastive grammar is that, while general typology examines the maximum number of different typological features that exist in two languages, contrastive grammar always focuses on two languages [11, p. 31].As per the given context, it would be more appropriate to refer to the comparison of the two languages, Azerbaijani and English, as reconciliation typology.In this article, we will compare the grammatical phenomena of languages with different systems, specifically Azerbaijani and English.This comparison can yield interesting results from a comparative-typological perspective.The text discusses the emergence and development of two languages with different systems, their teaching and learning, and how the results of such studies can be applied in translation theory and practice, particularly in machine translation.
To begin analysing grammatical anomalies in two languages with different systems, specifically exceptions to grammatical rules using the reconciliation method, it is necessary to provide a brief historical overview of the origin, creation, development, and formation of these languages, as well as information about their grammatical structures.The historical review will examine the system and structure of Azerbaijani and English, and identify the factors that led to the emergence of anomalous grammatical features, including phonetic factors.
The Azerbaijani language is one of the Turkic languages that exists in all directions from east to west, from north to south, in the Euro-Asian space.Approximately 40 million people, including speakers of South Azerbaijani, use Azerbaijani Turkic.This language belongs to the Oghuz group of southwestern Turkic languages, which also includes Turkish, Gagauz, and Turkmen.According to Turkology, 28 Turkic languages have been registered [9, p. 16].
Most linguists classify the Turkic language family as part of the Altai family, along with the Mongolian and Tungus-Manchu language groups.The vocabulary of the Altai languages, particularly the vocabulary fund (including personal pronouns, interrogative pronouns, words denoting number, color, kinship terms, zoonyms, phytonyms, cosmonyms, etc.), shares the same origin, indicating lexical-semantic compatibility.The kinship of the Altai languages is primarily based on typological compatibility.The typological structure of the Ural languages, particularly the Finno-Ugric languages, is similar to that of the Altai languages [3, p. 12].This is the origin of the Ural-Altai theory.The theory was first proposed by the officer Tabbert, who was captured by the Russians during the Rus-ФІЛОЛОГІЧНІ НАУКИ so-Swedish war and was a military doctor by profession.Stralenberg expanded on the theory.After spending over twenty years in captivity in Siberia, he diligently recorded and copied ancient Turkish written monuments that he discovered in the eastern regions of Russia.He also collected a wealth of information about the Turkic peoples residing in those areas.Upon his release, he returned to Sweden and published his findings in the form of a book.In 1730, Tabbert was the first to suggest that the Finno-Ugric, Turkic, Samodic, Mongolian, Tungus-Manchurian, and tribes between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea originated from the same root, laying the foundation of the Ural-Altai theory.
The theory was later developed by several Turkologists and Orientalists, including V. Schott, F. Widman, B. Munkachi, Makastern, V. Bank, G. Ramstedt, M. Rasanen, and N. Oppe.Later, the number of languages included in the Ural-Altaic language family significantly increased, and Korean and Japanese languages were also added (G.Winkler, V. Prole, B. Laufer, V. Adler, etc.).Those who defend the kinship of the Ural-Altaic dalanguages are primarily based on typological compatibility.Thus, all of these languages exhibit regularity in palatal and labial harmony of vocal sounds, consonant assimilation, and the structure of roots and suffixes, which are almost identical [9, p. 33].
This compatibility is also evident in morphology.These languages do not have gender categories.Conjunctions come after the word, not before it.The order of word-correcting and word-changing suffixes follows strict regularity, and postfixation is agglutination.Additionally, the languages within this macrofamily share common features of case and affiliation categories.The morphological structure of these languages exhibits similarities such as the use of root words without suffixes, a single classification system, and common cases and pronouns [1, p. 11].
There are also many typological similarities in the syntactic structure of the Ural-Altaic languages.Thus, in these languages there is a strong and stable regularity of the order of words and word combinations in the sentence.Here the determining word comes before the determined, it does not agree with it; the complement precedes the word it completes.In these languages, there are many constituents in subordinate complex sentences.
The Azerbaijani language, which belongs to the Turkic languages of the Ural-Altaic macrofamily, reflects the characteristics of this family in terms of its system and structure, as well as its uniqueness, which is typical of every independent language.The language has 9 vowels and 23 consonants.The vowels are classified as front and back, lipped and unlipped, closed and open, and are divided into front, back and middle groups.The Azerbaijani language does not have fully stabilized long and short vowels, despite the conditional classification of vowels into regular, long, and short based on quantity [2, p. 45].These are mostly found in borrowed words.For example, words like alim, əla, elan, məlum, Asif Arabic origin etc.
Words do not begin with the vowel [ı] in Azerbaijani.
There are short variants of vowels in the Azerbaijani language, and when suffixes are added to root words, the vowels are dropped because they are pronounced short: oğul-oğlu, çiyin-çiyni, şəkil-şəkli etc.
In the Azerbaijani language, the suffix middle, voicless [k] -kor, kar, kül, kol etc.In our language, there is also the consonant [k], which is morphed.Although this consonant is typical for all Turkic languages, it is used only in borrowed words in Azerbaijani: kompüter, Kanada, leksika, tank etc.
In most Turkic languages [h] if the consonant is not used in front of the word, it is used in Azerbaijani language: heyva, hörmək, hündür etc.Sometimes it has a prosthetic voice function, especially in spoken language: hoppanmaq, hasan (< asan), hey (< ey) etc.
In Azerbaijani, the consonant [ğ] is not used at the beginning of a word.Unlike other Turkic languages, the pairing of consonants (geminate) in the middle of a word is not an exception in Azerbaijani: eşşək, yeddi, saqqal, səkkiz, çaqqal, doqquz etc.In other Turkish languages, these words are, respectively, is in the form of eşek, yedi, sakal, sekiz, çakal, toquz.There is no consensus among linguists about the cause of the geminate phenomenon in the Azerbaijani language.
Sometimes voiceless consonants (t ~ d) in the intervocalic position (between two vowels) are voiced.For instance, oynatmaq -oynadan, oynadır, getmək -gedir, gedəndə, oxutmaq -oxudur, çığırtmaq -çığırdır etc.But in some cases there are exceptions in this case.For example: qaraltmaq-qaraldır, saraltmaq-saraldır, çoxaltmaq -çoxaldır etc.In these cases, it may be that the voiceless t is voiced because it is between the sonor l on the one hand and between the vowels on the other.We have not come across an idea about this phonetic phenomenon in the existing literature.
According to the law of harmony in Turkic languages, including Azerbaijani, the use of a double consonant at the beginning of a word is an exception, so a prosthetic vowel is added to the beginning of such borrowed words in spoken language.For example: ºkaf ~ i ºkaf, stul ~ u stul, stəkan ~ istəkən etc. [10, p. 71].
This can also be said about words that start with the consonant r.For example: Rasim ~ İrasim, Rüstəm ~ İrüstəm, rus -urus, Ramazan ~ İramazan, rahat ~ irahat etc.The reason for this phonetic phenomenon is related to the fact that the word does not start with r in Turkish languages, and r increasing the prosthetic vowel at the beginning of loanwords beginning with a sonor consonant, in a way, in the Turkish phonosystem can be understood as a balancing event.
R is not used at the beginning of words in Turkic languages, this phonetic phenomenon has also had its effect on the beginning of syllables in Azerbaijani language.According to F. Zeynalov, it is for this reason that in some words in the Azerbaijani language, unlike in other Turkic languages, the phenomenon of metathesis occurs in morpheme contacts.For example: torpaq (< topraq), yarpaq (< yapraq), kirpik (< kiprik), körpü (< köprü) and so on [9, p. 111].
There are words in the vocabulary of the Azerbaijani language that are found not only in the Turkic languages of the Oghuz group, but also in other Turkic languages.As the main reason for the creation of such words, the process of word creation due to internal factors, starting from the period when the Azerbaijani language was differentiated from the big language family, can be indicated.Examples of such words are: dərə, sümük, yağış, kənd, uşaq, düşmək, bulaq, tapmaq, xırda, ev, kəpənək, darıxmaq, bazar, çıraq, sırğa, danışmaq, gözləmək, maral etc.
The lexical composition of the Azerbaijani language is divided into several groups -parts of speech according to lexical-grammatical, morphological and syntactic features: nouns, verbs and auxiliary parts of speech.The parts of speech include nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, conjunctions, adverbs and modal words.
There are four common grammatical categories for nouns in Azerbaijani: case, affiliation, quantity and reference.
In the Azerbaijani language, the category of belonging means that an object, event, or action belongs to one of three specific persons (or persons).This category is formed by the following suffixes: I. həyat-ım, ata-m həyat-ımız ata-mız II.həyat-ın, ata-n həyat-ınız ata-nız III.həyat-ı, ata-s-ı həyat-ları ata-ları In the Azerbaijani language, the category of predicate corresponds to the category of person specific to verbs.For example:
Fractional numbers in the Azerbaijani language mainly serve to indicate a part of a certain amount with the help of case suffixes (Part I) and affiliation suffixes.For example: üçdə iki, onda beş, sıfır tam mində yetmiş altə, doqquzdan biri, yüzdən biri etc.
It should be noted that in the Azerbaijani language, pronouns are also used as nouns.Pronouns One of the main differences that manifests itself in its case compared to the Russian language is that when the possessive case is in the first person instead of the ending -ın 4 there is observed -ım 4  endings: saat-ın, sən-in, meyvələr-in, siz-in, yarpaqlar-ın, but: biz-im, mən-im.
The process of creating names in the Azerbaijani language occurs through two methods: morphological and syntactic.
Verbs in Azerbaijani differ from English and Russian in terms of their richness, comprehensiveness, variety, and grammatical categories.Azerbaijani verbs are characterized by the following categories: effectiveness and ineffectiveness, types of meaning, tenses, analytical forms, and unclassified forms (verb adjective, verb binding, and infinitives), as well as distribution characteristics.
However, there is an exception (anomaly) in the negation category in the Azerbaijani language.This is also related to the use of the negation particle ne belonging to the Persian language, which is one of the Indo -European languages.For example, Nə bizim, nə də onların bu işdə əli var; Nə böyüyə hörmət edir, nə də kiçiyə./ Neither we nor they have a hand in this; He respects neither the elder nor the younger.It should be noted that sometimes, especially in oral speech, the double negation form is used in this type of sentences.For example, Nə bizim nə də onların bu işdə əli yoxdur; Nə böyüyə hörmət etmir, nə də kiçiyə; Nə biz, nə də onlar getməyəcəyik./ Neither we nor they have a hand in this matter; He respects neither the elder nor the younger; Neither we nor they will go, etc.These forms, as in English, are considered wrong according to the grammatical norms of the modern Azerbaijani language.The reason is not clear to us.For example, while there is no double negation in English: I do nothing; she feels nothing etc., in Russian only the dual negative form is used: я ничего не ем, вы ничего не делаете правильно.The fact is that the double negation form is also used in the Azerbaijani language: siz bizim heç birimizi sevmirsiz; Nailə heç nə yemək istəmir; mən bu mövzu ilə bağlı heç kimə heç vaxt heç nə danışmamışam, etc.
English language belongs to the Germanic group of the Indo-European language family.This language was formed as a result of multiple crossings and displacements of many different ethnic groups (Picts, British Celtic tribes, Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes, Danes, Normans) in the British Isles over the centuries.It is no coincidence that about 39% of the vocabulary of the modern English language is of German origin, 37% of French origin, 17% of Latin-Greek origin, and the rest is Arabic (via Spanish -algebra, magazine, alcohol, admiral və s.), Turkish (cabbage < kabak, cotton < kətan etc.) and other languages.
The English language has been influenced by contact with other languages over time.This includes the languages of the tribes that occupied the British Isles in the Middle Ages, as well as words from Danish, French, Latin, Italian, Spanish, Turkish, Arabic, and other origins due to British trade relations and colonial activity.
In scientific literature, the history of the English language is commonly divided into three periods: Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. 1.Old English refers to the period when Germanic tribes arrived in the British Isles in the middle of the 5th century until the end of the 11th century.2. Middle English covers the period from the end of the 11th century to the end of the 15th century.3. Modern English refers to the period from the end of the 15th century to the present day.
Scholars have collected written monuments that demonstrate significant changes in the English language from past centuries to the present day.The most notable changes include the disuse of gender categories, the emergence of plural forms, and the establishment of a stable word order in sentences.The vocabulary of the English language has undergone significant expansion during the Modern English era.During this period, significant changes occurred in the phonetic level of the language, specifically in the consonant system.These changes had a fundamental impact on the vowel system of New English.Long vowels were contracted, and narrow vowels were diphthongized [12, p. 47].
The sound structure of English differs from that of Azerbaijani and Russian in several ways.English has sounds that are not present in Azerbaijani or Russian, as well as sounds that are similar but still distinct.Additionally, there are other features of English that are not found in Azerbaijani or Russian.
Additionally, there are other features of English that are not found in Azerbaijani or Russian.Thus, English has both long and short vowel sounds.Replacing a long vowel with a short one or vice versa can alter the lexical and grammatical meaning of a word.It is important to note that such changes are not governed by any rules.
Additionally, in English there are diphthongs and triphthongs, which are not present in the phonetic systems of Azerbaijani and Russian.
English, Azerbaijani, and Russian languages have different intonation and stress patterns.The letter and sound composition of words also differs significantly in English compared to Azerbaijani and Russian.
Although the sound form of words in English has changed over the centuries, the spelling of English has remained the same.As a result, several anomalies have arisen at the phonological level of the English language.Modern English has 44 sounds, but only 26 letters (6 vowels and 21 consonants).Each letter in the English language, particularly vowels, can be represented in various ways depending on the context.Similarly, the same sound can be represented by different letters or combinations of letters.
The formation of the tense system in English verbs reveals features that are not present in any other part of speech.Unlike Azerbaijani and Russian, most English verb forms are not created by adding endings, but by using auxiliary verbs.These auxiliary words have lost their lexical meaning over time and now only serve to convey grammatical meaning [12, p. 61-62].
Examples of auxiliary verbs involved in the formation of tense forms are: to have, to be, shall, will; forms of the verb to have: have, has, had, forms of the verb to be: am, is, are, was, were, be, being forms; forms of the verb will: will, would, forms of the verb shall: shall, should.
Regular verbs (Regular verbs) Past Simple form of these verbs is formed by -ed suffix.Irregular verbs (Irregular verbs) and Past simple form of these verbs is formed either by changing the base of the verb or by changing the vowel of the root.There is no regularity or rule in these changes, they just need to be remembered.The past tense verb is in the adjective form (Past Participle) is the same situation.The regular verbs also has the suffix -ed in the adjective form, but each of the iirregular verbs has its own form [13, p. 39].Below are some examples of more commonly used verbs with their own characteristics: to beat -beat, beaten; to show -shown, shown; to lie -lay, lain.
The verb other manner-time form -present participle is a present tense verb adjective of a known type.All (regular and irregular) verbs by accepting the suffix -ing forms this form: cut-cutting, break-breaking, write-writing and so on.
In this case, it is necessary to remember some changes in the writing: if the verb ends with unreadable -e, in the process of addition suffixs -ing it falls: believe-believing, use-using, save-saving, awoke-awoking, avise-avising and so on.
If there is an accented vowel before the final consonant on the basis of the verb, the final consonant is paired: rub-rubbing, swim-swimming, sit-sitting, set-setting, etc.
If the root ends in -ie, the -e is dropped, and the -i changes to -y: lielying (Compare: In the past simple form, the root of the verb if it ends with y it is replaced by a vowel -i: marry-married, but pray-prayed).
Conclusions.In conclusion, the research has identified specific exceptions and anomalies in the system and structure, as well as in the morphological levels of each language studied.